Радянське фермерство як альтернатива сталінській колективізації

Abstract

Проаналізовано розвиток селянських фермерських господарств України в умовах впровадження радянською державою нової економічної політики. Доведено, що в роки непу значна кількість селянських господарств, поклавши в основу своєї діяльності фермерський уклад, почали інтенсивно розвиватися навіть в доволі сприятливих радянських умовах.

Проанализировано развитие крестьянских фермерских хозяйств Украины в условиях внедрения советским государством новой экономической политики. Доказано, что в годы нэпа значительное количество крестьянских хозяйств, положив в основу своей деятельности фермерский уклад, начали интенсивно развиваться даже в довольно благоприятных советских условиях.

The article analyzes the development of peasant farms in Ukraine in time of the new soviet state policy implementation. Studies on the formation and development of peasant farms in Ukraine during the New Economic Policy (1921-1929) showed that we have a quite rare phenomenon for a democratic society. An absolute imperative made in the Stalin-s period for the total prohibition on objective coverage of the essence of successful farms of the 1920-ies and of the crucial role that they played in the reconstruction and development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, tend to be so powerful that even today a silent taboo works due to their description and the term “farm” itself. Nowadays, the problem of formation, development, functioning and forced liquidation of peasant’s farms in Ukraine in the NEP period has been analyzed only partially, and very often just superficially, that does not make it possible to have a holistic and objective view of this extremely important time for the Ukrainian village of the 1920s. Practice showed that a significant number of households of the farmed type began to develop intensively even under relatively favorable Soviet conditions. They quickly began to realize all their potentiality, supplying not only their family needs but also selling products at the market. That is why, while strenthening farms demonstrated rapid recovery of commodity and export orientation of production, dramatically reducing the cultivation of inefficient crops. They vigorously expanded production of high-performance market goods that tended to the continued growth of profitability, and then to the social self-sufficiency. Farms played a leading role in the expansion of export activities of the agricultural cooperation activity and its specialized systems. It was of importance because of industrialization. 25 Directed against farming the complex of administrative and economic constraints, the terrorist tax policy objectively led to the slowdown in the development of agriculture. It was because Ukrainian farmers began loosing the interest in making their farms successive under high taxe preasure. This resulted was in the destruction of the feeling of ownership in a peasant, turning it into a politically powerless and economically dependent on the totalitarian system producer of agricultural products in the given collective farms.