Енергоефективність в житловому секторі Польщі

Abstract

В статті розглянуто інструменти підтримки зростання енергоефективності в житловому секторі Польщі. Польща демонструє значний прогрес в зростанні енергоефективності за різними напрямками, в той же час польські досмогосподарства є одними з найбільших споживачів енергії в країні та, в порівнянні з домогосподарствами інших країн, одними з найбільших споживачів енергії в Європі. Рівень енергоефективності житлових будівель в переважній більшості випадків не відповідає сучасним нормам, а найбільшим джерелом енергії, що використовується домогосподарствами є вугілля. Для зміни ситуації в Польщі створено ряд інструментів для підтримки зростання енергоефективності житлового фонду, одним з найпотужніших є Фонд термомодернізації та реконструкції. В роботі зроблено аналіз динаміки кількості заявок проданих до польського Фонду термомодернізації та реконструкції та досліджено вплив вартості енергоресурсів на рівень зацікавленості домогосподарств в енергомодернізації житла.

One of the largest energy consumers in Poland is households. Their low energy efficiency has led to the creation of financial support tools and the attraction of appropriate resources for energy modernization of the housing stock. Energy modernization of residential buildings, as a rule, is highly profitable, but initially requires significant costs, which is why in many houses it cannot be carried out without external financial assistance. Various programs and tools have been created in Poland to support the growth of energy efficiency in the housing sector. The Fund for Thermal Modernization and Reconstruction has been operating in Poland since 1999 to support the energy modernization of one-apartment,apartment buildings and some other buildings. The main purpose of the Fund for Thermal Modernization and Reconstruction is financial support for thermal modernization and reconstruction projects. From 1999 to the first quarter of 2021 was supported a little more than 43 thousand energy modernization projects for a total amount of about 600 million Euros. (2,3 billion zlotys). In the first years of the activity of the Fund for Thermal Modernization and Reconstruction the number of applications for support of modernization projects grew rather slowly, however, since 2002 the interest in supporting the Fund has grown significantly, resulting in a rapid increase in the number of applications submitted. The interest of potential beneficiaries reached its peak in 2012 during which the Fund received more than 4,2 thousand applications for participation. Since 2012, the number of applications submitted to the Fund has gradually decreased (a sharp decrease in applications submitted was recorded in 2013 with a certain resumption in 2014). Financial support allows to reduce the cost of energy modernization and make it more profitable for owners, however, another important factor that affects the decision of owners to modernize is the cost of energy resources. By the beginning of the 2010s, there was an increase in the cost of coal and gas, which are one of the main energy resources used for space heating (namely, households consume most of the energy for these purposes). However, from 2012-2013 their cost began to decrease gradually. Regarding electricity, despite certain fluctuations in cost, there was a general trend towards its rise in price. Correlation analysis indicates a positive relationship between the cost of coal and gas and the number of applications submitted to the Fund for Thermal Modernization and Reconstruction, as well as the amount of bonuses paid by the Fund (which can be interpreted as an interest in energy modernization).