Роль селянських фермерських господарств України у розвитку хлібного експорту в період НЕПу

Abstract

У статті розкриті особливі особливості участі українських селян-фермерів у виробництві та реалізації зернової продукції господарства на експорт у період нової економічної політики (1921 – 1929 рр.). Зосереджено звернути увагу на роль у поширенні експортної спрямованості фермерських господарств сільськогосподарської кооперації та її спеціалізованих систем, які створювали для цього належних організаційно-виробничих та фінансово-економічних передумов. До того ж, що хліб для експорту здійснюється шляхом заготівлі, у степовій частині України, де була сконцентрована велика кількість фермерських господарств, здатних збільшити виробництво експортних культур.

Introduction. The urgency of comprehensive study of all aspects related to the implementation of the principles of the new economic policy (1921 – 1929) in agrarian sector of national economy, in our opinion, is determined, first of all, by the fact that in those years large-scale dynamic processes, which not only for med the basis of many subsequent historical events, but potentially could give them a completely different direction, were developed in Ukrainian countryside. Significant progress on the path of revival of productive forces of agrarian sector of Ukrainian economy already in the middle of the 1920’s created aquite solid foundation for establishing large-scale export of agricultural products. It was Ukrainian peasant farmers who demonstrated rapid rates of recovery of commodity and export orientation of their farms, rapidly reduced the cultivation of low-yielding crops and vigorously expanded crops of high-yielding sorts of purely market-oriented technical crops, which was an important factor in improving the overall efficiency and profitability of agriculture in Ukraine as a whole. Purpose. Coverage of the participation of Ukrainian peasant farms in the production and sale of grain products of their farms for export during the NEP period(1921 – 1929). Methods. The following methods are put in fundamentals of topic research architectonics and structural sections configuration of the dissertation:problem-chronological, comparative-historical, historical-statistical, logical-analytic, grouping and typology. The application of economic methods has allowed to understand the nature, mechanisms and consequences of economic processes that took place in Ukrainian village at different stages of the new economic policy implementation. Results. In the conditions of the new economic policy already in 1924/25, the agriculture of Ukraine, having demonstrated the impressive pace of the restoration of destroyed production, reached the level of 1913 by most indicators. Working hard on the development of their farms, Ukrainian farmers of the Soviet era, overcoming both objective difficulties caused by post-war devastation, hungry and lean years and subjective obstacles that were constantly consciously created for them by the Soviet leadership, by the middle of the 1920’s had not only restored the total area, but also formed the most economically feasible structure of grain production. At the same time, fruitful work was carried out in meat and dairy cattle breeding, poultry and vegetable growing. An important role in spreading export orientation of farms belonged to agricultural co-operation and its specialized systems, which created proper organizational, production, financial and economic conditions for this. In future, rapid progress in both agriculture and cattle breeding, which was guaranteed by highly productive activities of farms – the main producers of commodity products, allowed in the second half of the 1920’s to establish a high-yielding, profitable both for the peasantry and the state as a whole, large-scale agricultural export. Already in the mid-1920s, the Ukrainian SSR provided, according to various estimates, from 30 to 50 % of all-Union supplies of grain products for export, and the sowing area under the main commodity grain crops of Ukraine corresponded to such major grain exporters as Canada or Argentina. Bread for export was harvested mainly in the step pep art of Ukraine, where a large number of farms that could continue to increase the production of export crops were concentrated. Thus, as early as 1923/24, from the total amount of grain harvested by the main state and cooperative organizations – 11.3 million poods, in the Steppe, 7.8 million poods, or 70.7 % of the total Ukrainian grain volume were harvested. The successes in expanding the export base of agricultural production were so convincing that, albeit a logically, they became one more factor that pushed the country’s leadership to speed up the collectivization, hoping in this way (to take everything possible) to“expand” exports. Originality. Scientific novelty of the obtained results is determined by: the very formulation of the problem, which until now has not yet been the subject of special scientific research; a critical analysis of the historiography of the problem and the introduction ofnew archival sources into scientific circulation; provingthe positive value of the participation of Ukrainianpeasant farms in the production and sale of grainproducts of their farms for export during the NEP period.Conclusion. The generalized data make it possibleto conclude that the revival of productive forces of agrarian sector of Ukrainian economy in the middle of the 1920’s created a solid foundation for establishing a large-scale export of agricultural products. These peasant farms played a leading role in restoring not only commodity but also export orientation of agriculture in Ukraine, sharply reducing the growth of low-yielding crops, vigorously expanding high-yielding and purely market-high-yielding technical crops, which was an important factor in increasing their profitability. An important role in spreading export orientation of farms belonged to agricultural co-operation and its special izedsystems. Bread for export was harvested mainly in the steppe part of Ukraine, where a large number of farms were concentrated. Regarding the current prospects for the development of Ukrainian peasantry, it should be emphasized that, despite the recent tendency towards industrialization of agricultural production, in general, in Ukrainian agriculture, owing to the variety of reasons (peculiarities of agro-landscapes, local traditions, quality requirements for many types of crop production), even in a purely production sense, there is a wide field of activities for the functioning and development of farms and the participation of their grain products in exports.