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https://er.chdtu.edu.ua/handle/ChSTU/8361| Title: | Автоматизована система корекції похибок вимірювання витратомірів рідини |
| Authors: | Трембовецька, Руслана Володимирівна Осадчий, Сергій Миколайович |
| Keywords: | витратомір рідини;автоматична корекція похибки;вимірювальна система;метрологічні характеристики;підвищення точності вимірювання |
| Issue Date: | 15-Dec-2025 |
| Abstract: | У роботі розроблено вимірювальну систему для перевірки перетворювачів витрати рідини з автоматичною корекцією похибки та досліджено сучасні методи підвищення точності вимірювання. The work develops a measurement system for testing liquid flow transducers with automatic error correction and investigates modern methods for improving measurement accuracy. |
| URI: | https://er.chdtu.edu.ua/handle/ChSTU/8361 |
| Appears in Collections: | 174 Автоматизація, комп'ютерно-інтегровані технології та робототехніка (Робототехнічні системи та автоматизація) |
Files in This Item:
| File | Description | Size | Format | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Диплом-магистр_Осадчий С.pdf Restricted Access | КРМ Осадчий С. | 5.19 MB | Adobe PDF | View/Open Request a copy |
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- ( ) -200 ... +1000
(10%) -
(5) 0 ... +1300
- ( ) -1 0 ... +2200
,
,
.
, - .
χ.
dV 1 . [],
10-4 10-5 -1,
.
, ,
, -
. ,
- .
- .
- ,
' ( ,
, ' . .)
.4.1.
58
1
2
.4.1 - :
- ; - ; - ' ;
- - ; - ; -
"Calmex" "Premex" (C ).
,
. :
- ;
- OT-5;
- 5;
- "Cosmos WS" ;
- ;
- RS485 ( RS-232)
- .
:
- , º ………………………...…...0…50
- , % …………………………………….…….....… . 90
- ………………………………………………..……IP 55
- , º …………...5…165
- , %……………………….…………….…..1,5
- ..…………………………………....Pt 500
59
. ,
- , ,
, .
( )
1 1000 imp / m3
-
" ", . .
( . .4.1), - -010,
-011, ,
.
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
:
- 5 5 ;
- 4%;
-
62 ;
- RS-485 (RS-232) '
' .
1,5%. ( ) 0,7 43400 m3 / h.
. '
- .
. 4.2.
60
1 1
n n
1 1
n n
1 1
n n
.4.2 -
: 1 ... n –
; 1 ... n – ;
1 ... n – ; 1... n –
; 1... n –
;
1... n – ;
- ; - ; -
; - – (RS485, RS232).
1 ... n
1%
0,5% 100% Qmax. - 0 ... 5 m .
' 1- ...
61
n, 0 ... 5 V
.
1 n ,
. 0,5 º .
1 - n 0 ... 5 V
.
.
( )
. .
16 ,
0,001%.
( 1: 1000),
,
, '
.
. .
:
- ............................................................ ......... 4
G
- max ............... .1000
Gmin
-
- t, º ............................................. ... ..0,5
- ' ,% .......................................... 1
- ,% ................................................... 1
- , «Multimag»,
«Danfoss», «Rosemount», - « », « - ».
.
62
' "Sensortechnics" ( )
110 ... LP - PCB / 430LP ... - PCB.
.
,
.
1 ... 6 V ( 110) 4 - 20 m ( 430).
- 0,1%,
0,5 Pa.
,
Druck. .
0,5%. - 40 180
0 . , « »
4-20 m ,
.
″ ″. , ,
- , , , .
-42 0
+70 0 , 10 , 15 42 V.
″ -43″, ,
± 1%.
″ -400″, ' , ,
.
:
- , 1 4
;
- ' ;
RS-232 RS485.
63
:
- '
*, m3 / h .. ................................................. ... .0,02 ... 27000
- , 0 ........................ ... ... 0 ... 180
- , P ................................. 0,01 ... 2,5
,% ................ ...... .......................... 4
- V / Hz ............................................. ............................ 220/50
* - - .
,
, ' ,
, .
, .
500 (Pt 500) W100 = 1,3850
100 (Pt100) W100 = 1,3910 100 .
, 4 ... 20 m .
.
,
,
.
.
.
64
5
, ,
5.1
. 5.1
( ) :
- ;
- ;
- .
:
( ) '
. ,
0,1 ... 2,5 ,
( ).
.
,
.
- 320 (
- ),
.
-50 .
.
65
« »,
4..20 m
« ».
.
,
.
.
.
,
- , , -
, ,
' , - ).
« »
, .
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- (RS - 485).
-
.
, , ,
.
.
66
' , .
.
, , ,
, , .
-
' qv. .
,
.
. . 4 ... 20 mA
- ,
.
.
- ( ).
(
) .
( )
-
.
-
, .
,
, ' .
,
, . ( )
: N '
m3. ' qv
67
. '
:
N
q v = K , (5.1)
- ( -
);
- .
- 320
N = 100 / m3. 0,5 200 m3 / h
Nmin Nmax ,
:
Nmin= Gmin · N = 0,5 · 100 = 50
Nmax= Gmax · N = 200 · 100 = 20000,
Gmin - ;
Gmax - .
- ,
. N :
N = Ent { log2Nmax + 1}= Ent { log220000 + 1} = 16,
(5.2)
Ent - .
16 ,
.
t° 5.1.2
:
Nt≡ t°· K · · · · , (5.3)
K
[Ω/ 0C];
- [V /Ω];
- [V / V];
- [V / V];
68
- [N / V].
,
.
50 , c R0 = 50 0 0 .
160 0 Rt = 84,235 .
,
I = 1 mA :
U min = I ⋅ R0 = 10-3 50 = 50 mV. (5.4)
U max = I ⋅Rt. = 10-3 84,235 = 84,235 mV. (5.5)
,
U max = 100 mV. 2,5 V (
).
ct :
U
K = = 2,5
ct −3 = 25 (5.6)
U 100 ⋅10
, ct= 25, , U max = 2,5 V,
. 1. ,
1.
:
Np≡ P · K · · · · (5.7)
P - ;
K ;
K - ;
K - ;
K - ;
K - .
″ -22- ″
2055 0,1 - 2,5 MP . 4-20
69
m . ' .
R ( ):
U
R ≤ = 2,5 =125 Ω (5.8)
Imax 20 ⋅10−3
R = 120 .
1, = = 1.
.
.
, δ
Δ , :
qv = {K 0(1+ δ ) + Δ } N
⋅ , (5.9)
T + ΔT
- ;
- ;
Δ - .
i-
γi :
γ i = Δ i
K (5.10)
i
i - i- .
:
- :
δ =δ , (5.11)
- :
γ =γ + γ . (5.12)
.
.
ψi
:
70
ψ ∂
= Σ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1
∂ (5.13)
Σ Σ
:
ψ = ψ = ψ = ψ = ψ = 1 (5.14)
:
NΣ ≡ ⋅K 0(1+δ ) ⋅ 0(1+δ ) ⋅ 0(1+δ )
(5.15)
⋅ 0(1+δ )⋅ 0(1+δ ),
0 ... 0 - ;
δ ... δ - , .
,
:
5 5
N t ≡ T ∏ K i 0 ( 1 + δ i ) (5.16)
i = 1 i = 1
i0 - i- ;
δi - i- .
:
δ Nt − N
= t0 N
= t
Σt − 1,
N N (5.17)
t0 t0
n n
t°∏ Ki (1 + δ i ) n
δ = i=1 i=1
Σt n − 1 = δ i (5.18)
t°∏ K i=1
i
i=1
1,
δΣt :
δΣt =δ +δ +δ +δ +δ , (5.19)
71
δΣT ,
. , , ψi= 1, :
σ (δ ) = σ 2(δ )+σ 2(δ )+σ 2 2 2
Σt (δ )+σ (δ )+σ (δ ), (5.20)
σ(δΣT ) - . . .
.
δΣ :
δ Σ = δ Σ ± k σ ( δ Σ ), (5.21)
k - , (
k = 3 = 0,997).
:
ΔtΣ = (((( Δ1 ⋅ K + Δ2 )⋅ K + Δ3 )⋅ + Δ4 )⋅ + Δ5 )⋅ =
5 5 5 5
∏ (5.22)
= Δ1 i + Δ2∏K
i + Δ3∏Ki + Δ4∏Ki + Δ5 ,
i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4
Δi - i- .
,
νi ( ):
5
σ 2
Σ t = σ ( γ i )υ 2
i , (5.23)
i = 1
σ Σt - ( . . .)
;
σ (γ i ) - . . . i- ;
υi - i- .
υi , , :
υ1 =1; υ2 =1/K ; υ3=1/K ⋅ ; υ4=1/K ⋅ ⋅ ;
(5.24)
υ5=1/K ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ..
72
γ Σ t
:
γ Σt = γ Σt ± kγ Σt , (5.25)
k - , σ Σ .
.
(
1%)
δΣ γΣ :
δΣ = 0,6% γΣ = 0,4%. (5.26)
:
- ;
- ,
' ;
- ;
- .
:
- ( );
- ;
- ,
;
- ;
- .
5.1.
73
5.1
. . . .
0,25 0,1 - 0,1
0,05 0,15 0,1 0,1
0,01 0,02 0,05 0,01
0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01
0,02 0,01 0,02 0,012
δΣ γΣ :
δΣ = δ +δ +δ +δ +δ (5.27)
δΣ = 0,25 + 0,05 + 0,01 + 0,01 +0,02 = 0,34%
δΣT
, :
5
δΣ = δ 2 = 0,12 +0,152
i +0,022 +0,012 +0,012 ≈ 0,19 % (5.28)
i=1
δΣ :
δ Σ = δ Σ + δ Σ = 0 ,34 % + 0 ,19 % = 0 ,53 % (5.29)
.
γΣ :
γΣ = 0,1 + 0,05 + 0,02 + 0,02 = 0,19%.
γΣ ( ) :
γΣ = 0,12 + 0,12 + 0,012 + 0,012 + 0,0122 ≈ 0,15 % ,
74
γΣt :
γΣ = γΣ + γΣ (5.30)
γΣ = = 0,19 + 0,13 = 0,32%,
.
( . 5.1)
.
:
δΣ =δ +δ +δ 3+δ +δ ,
γNp= ((((γ ⋅ +γ ) +γ 3) + γ + γ ) . (5.31)
- .
5.2.
5.2
. . . .
0,2 0,2 0,05 0,2
0,05 0,15 0,1 0,1
0,01 0,02 0,05 0,01
0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01
0,02 0,01 0,02 0,012
δΣ γΣ :
75
δΣ = δ +δ +δ +δ +δ (5.32)
δΣ =0,2 + 0,05 + 0,01 + 0,01 +0,02 = 0,29%
δΣ
, :
5
δ 2
Σ = δ i = 0 ,2 2 + 0 ,15 2 + 0 ,02 2 + 0 ,01 2 + 0 ,01 2 ≈ 0 ,24 % , (5.33)
i=1
δΣ
:
δ Σ = δ Σ + δ Σ = 0 ,29 % + 0 ,26 % = 0 ,55 % , (5.34)
.
γΣ :
γΣ = 0,05 + 0,1 + 0,05 + 0,02 + 0,02 = 0,24%.
γΣ ( ) :
γ = 0,12 +0,12
Σ +0,012 +0,012 +0,0122 ≈ 0,15 % .
γΣ :
γΣ = γΣ + γΣ (5.35)
γΣ = 0,24 + 0,15 = 0,39%,
.
'
' .
ρ
ξmax -ξmaxt ξmax :
ξmaxt=δΣt +γNt; (5.36)
ξmaxp=δΣ +γNp. (5.37)
ρ :
ρ=ρ t (1 +ξmaxt; ρ(1+ξmaxp) ,
(5.38)
h = h t (1 +ξmaxt; ρ(1+ξmaxp) .
76
ρ ( t p
) .
G :
G ≡ f (Nqv;Nρ;N ), (5.39)
Nqv - ;
Nρ - ;
N - , .
Nqv, Nρ, N ,
. ,
, :
δG=δqv+δρ+δ , (5.40)
δqv ;
δρ - .
:
γG=γqv+γρ+γ , (5.41)
γqv, γρ,γ - , .
5.2
. 5.1.
,
, , '
.
,
,
.
320,
77
. 320
:
- ( ), D , mm ............... 200
- ' , m3 / h ................... 200
- ,% ...................................... ± 2,0
- , ........................ …...... .... .2,5
- , ° .......................................... .180
- , h ....... ........................... .45000
5.1.
320
. . . .,
,
' , .
320
, .
IBM-
78
' ( )
- .
, ,
, ,
. , ,
,
, « » ,
, ,
. .
,
- 50. - 50
.
. ,
: .
,
, ,
- 2,5 V .
' 4-
, . 5.2.
+
. 5.2. 4-
79
« » -
:
U a = I ⋅ ( Rt + r4 ) (5.42)
r2
.
« » -
:
U = I ⋅ r 4 (5.43)
U :
U =U −U = I ⋅ Rt (5.44)
' .
U
.
″ - 22″
:
- , ........................... ..0,1 ... 2,5
- , ,% .................. .. ............± 1,0
, mA ................................................... 4 ... 20
- , , k ...................... 0,5
,
( ' )
.
,
, .
' Ix
r0 - R0.
. U
80
r0
.
,
, ,
. = 1
' . ,
, .
. :
- ;
- ;
- ;
;
- ' ;
-
« »;
- .
8051 F 005.
, Flash ' ( Flash
' ' 640 ). 8051 F 005 (
INT 0)
, -
RS 485. - .
,
'
.
/ .
14 - 8
6 .
81
SPI-
RS-485. ,
:
- ;
- ;
- RS-485.
80 51 F005
Cygnal, :
- (12 , 100 kHz );
- 8 ;
- 12 - ;
- 32 / ;
-8 b; ;
-2 b; ;
- 4 16 ;
- SPI, UART;
- 25 Hz.
- - 51.
, /
.
0
:
- 0.0 ( ) D;
- 0.1 (R ) R D;
- 0.2 SPI- (SCLK);
- 0.3 - SPI (MISO);
- 0.4 - SPI (MOSI);
- 0.5 - ;
- 0.6 0.7 - I2C
Flesh- ' .
82
1 ( 0 ... 3),
( 5 ... 7). 2 (8 -
« » ... «h» ) , 3 (
3.0 - 3.5) - .
AIN1 ... AIN6
.
( )
.
, 8640 8-
. , ' 69
. EEPROM AT 64 DB128 128 .
SPI - ,
' .
« » 12 -
. ,
[].
RS485. 3 -
. ' , '
( ).
RS485 .
RS232, .
83
.5.3
. 5.3 . ,
,
CPU.
. CPU
.
-
, - 100 kHz, .
CPU (I = 0).
1 (I = I + 1) ,
, .
( «Buzy = 0»)
. ni
i - N i
. ni<n i . .
,
84
' , .
I.
CPU (
)
RAM. ,
CPU .
RST
150 ms, .
CPU SWT
ADR WR /
(P3.6, P3.7). t .
t SPI -
t . ,
, t .
(SFR)
« »,
.
( t .) t
.
5.3
5.3.1
. 5.4. R2 R4
.
85
.5.4
[], 1
10% ' . 5%
TTL - (Umin = 2,4 V):
ΔU = 0,05 ⋅U min = 0,05 ⋅ 2,4 = 120 mV. (5.45)
U U :
U B = −U H = 1 ΔU = 1 ⋅120 ⋅10−3 = 60 mV. (5.46)
2 2
,
U R2
B = ⋅U
R , (5.47)
2 + R4
U - - «1» (U = 5 V).
, ,
UB << U max , :
U R2
B ≈ ⋅U
R max (5.48)
4
R2 = 1 kΩ R4 :
86
R R2
4 = ⋅U 1000
U max = −3 ⋅5 = 82
60 ⋅10 kΩ. (5.49)
B
R3:
R3 = E ⋅ R2 = 15 ⋅ 1000
U 60 ⋅10 −3 = 240 kΩ. (5.50)
H
R5 , []
. R5 = 820Ω.
AD790
:
- , dB ............................................. 100
- , V /μs ............ 100
- , n ............................................................ ... 50
– , mV .................................... ... ......... 1
- ,μV / 0C ................................. .. 5
- , ns ................................................ ... ...... ..16
.
- .
1 533 2.
5.3.2
:
- - 50
( . . 5.1);
- Ip = 1 m ;
- ( t = 160 ° ) U = 84,235 mV;
- = 25.
. 5.5.
87
- DA1
DA2.1. DA2.2.
5.5
, DA1. [],
Ip R1 = R2 R3 = R4 :
R
I = −U 3
p 0 (5.51)
R1 (R5 + R5n )
, U0 = - 2,5 V ( REF- 03), R1 = R3 =
100 kΩ. Ip = 1 m R5
= R5 + R5 :
R = U0 = 2,5
5 I −3 = 2,5 kΩ (5.52)
p 1 ⋅10
88
5%
R5 R5:
U
I 0
p min = (5.53)
R5
R = U 0
5 = 2,5 = 2,38 kΩ
I 1,05 (5.54)
p min
R5 = R5 - R5 = 2,5 · 103 - 2,38 · 103 = 120Ω.
R1 = R2 = R3 = R4
2-29 - 0,125 -100 kΩ ± 0,05%, R5 5-2 - 0,5 W - 120 Ω ± 5%.
DA2.1
DA2.2. :
U = U ⋅ 1 + R9 + U 1 + R7 ⋅ − R9
1 2 , (5.55)
R8 R6 R8
U = U ⋅ 1+ R9 −U R7 R9 + R9
1 2 (5.56)
R8 R6 R8 R
8
U U = U1 - U2.
:
R7 R9 = 1.
R R (5.57)
6 8
U = ΔU 1+ R9 . (5.58)
R8
89
> 2 (5.57) ,
R6 = R9 R7 = R8.
:
=1+ R9
R (5.59)
8
, R8 = 1 kΩ, :
R9 = ( - 1) R8 = (25 - 1) 10-3 = 24 kΩ.
R9 2-29 - 0,125 -24 kΩ ± 0,05%,
R8 - 2-29 - 0,125 -1 kΩ ± 0,05%.
,
.
,
0,1%. ,
γ
, . . 0,05%. U :
U = U .γ = 84,235. 10-3. 5. 10-4 = 42μV.
U DA2 AD712 AP
:
- , dB 100
- , kHz 200
- , V 10
- , V / ° 0,5
- , dB 110
- , nA 1
.
( )
,
90
.
, [].
( ) . 5.3.3.
.5.6
1,
.
( ) []:
K( p ) = 1
1+ω 1( R 2 2 (5.60)
1 + R2 )p +ω R1R2C1C2 p
ω - .
.
.
δU ~ 50 Hz
0,1%, ,
. :
d = 20lg U~ ,
U (5.61)
=
d = 20lgδU ~ = 20lg10 -3 = - 60 dB.
U ~ - ;
U = - .
d = - 60 dB 50 Hz
[]. . . - ,
91
- ( )
. (
) 4- 1 dB.
4- ( d = 1 dB) []
f , f = 50 Hz 60 dB.
f 12 Hz. f =
10Hz. .
,
[]. , 1 2
:
C1 ≥ 4b1
C a2 , (5.62)
2 1
1 b1 - ( -
).
4-
1 ai bi:
a1 = 2,5904 b1 = 4,1301
a2 = 0,3039 b2 = 1,1697.
.
2 / 1 :
C 2 ≥ 4 ⋅ 4 ,1301
2 ≈ 2 ,46
C 1 2 ,5904 ,
, 2 = 3 1 1 = 0,1μF. 2 = 0,33μF.
R1 R2 :
a C ± a 2C 2 − 4b C
R = R 1 2 1 2 1 1C2
1 2 =
4πf C C , (5.63)
1 2
ω
f =
2π .
2,5904⋅3,3 ⋅10−7 ± 2,59042 ⋅( 3,3 ⋅10−7 )2 − 4 ⋅4,1301⋅3,3 ⋅10−7 ⋅10−7
R1 = R2 = = 310kΩ .
4 ⋅3,14 ⋅10 ⋅3,3 ⋅10−7 ⋅10−7
92
R1 = R2 ≈ 102 kΩ. R1 = R2 = 102 kΩ
2 - 29 - 0,125 - 102 kΩ ±1%. 71-
7- 30 - 0,1μF± 5% 71-7 - 30 - 0,33 μF± 5%.
:
C 2 ≥ 4 ⋅ 1,1697
2 ≈ 50 ,66
C 1 0 ,3039 ,
, 2 = 100 1 1 = 10 nF. 2 = 1μF.
R1 R2 (5.3.13):
0,3039 ⋅10 −6 ± 0,3039 2 ⋅( 1 ⋅10 −6 )2 − 4 ⋅1,1697 ⋅10 −8 ⋅10 −6
R1 = R2 = = 412 kΩ
4 ⋅ 3,14 ⋅10 ⋅10 −8 ⋅10 −6
R1 = R2 ≈ 72 kΩ..
( )
R1 = R2 = 71,5 kΩ 2 - 29 -
0,125 - 71,5 kΩ ± 1%.
:
71-7- 30 - 10 nF ± 5% 71-7 - 30 - 1μF± 5%.
[]:
- ;
- .
U []:
U = 2ΠfmaxU max, (5.64)
fmax -
U max -
, , :
U = 2. 3,14. 50. 2,5 = 7,5⋅102 V / s.
93
U
.
'
. ,
0,1%.
, γ
, . . 0,05%.
U :
U = U .γ = 2,5. 5. 10-4 = 1,25 mV.
U U OP 291 AP
:
— , dB ............................................. ….. ... 100
— , MHz ............................. …..... ... ..1
— , mV ............................................................ ..... 0,25
— , pA ............................................................ .. ... 150
— , μV / ° ...................... ......................... ... 5
— , dB ............... ... 90
5.3.3
:
- R = 120Ω;
- I m = 20 m ;
- = 1.
. 5.7.
94
.5.7
U :
U = I m ⋅ R = 20 ⋅ 10 −3 ⋅ 120 = 2 ,4V .
DA1 DA2 1.
DA3 U []:
U =U ⋅ R3 (1 + R4
2 ) −U ⋅ R4 . (5.3.15)
R3 + R 1
2 R1 R1
. 5.1, (
) 1.
, 1 = 2 = :
1 = R3 (1+ R4 ) ,
R + R R (5.65)
3 2 1
2 = R4 ,
R (5.66)
1
R4 = R3 . = 1, ,
R1 R2
R1 = R2 = 100 kΩ, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4.
2-29 0,1%.
95
. 5.3. OP 491 AP :
- , dB 106
- , MHz 1
- ,μV 150
- ,μV / 0C 5
- , dB 90
- , pA 200
- , V ± 15
. 5.3.
.
.5.3.
.
.
γ
0,025%. N :
N = Ent {log2 (1 /γ ) +1} = Ent {log2 4000 + 1} = 12.
C8051 F005 "Cygnal" :
- .......................................... .. ... .. ... 12
- , μs ......................................................... ... ... 5
- , Ω ...................................................................... .1
- ,% ...... .. …... 0,012
- , ............................. .. ... .1
- , mV ..................................................................... .2
.
96
5.4
5.4.1
( )
- 400 .
, 1,5%.
, .
. . .
= 0,997:
σ(δ ) δ
= = 1,5 = 0,5 % ,
k 3
- , ( = 3
= 0,997)
, :
- ;
- , ;
- , .
70
.
, tr (ΔUr = 20 )
1 - [],
U + ΔU −3
tr = −τ ⋅ ln 0 = −2 ⋅10 −4 ln 1 + 20 ⋅10 = 1,2 ⋅10 −6 c
U 0 1
γ , :
γ t
= ⋅100% = 1,2⋅10−6
⋅100% =1,5 ⋅10−3 %
T1 8 ⋅10−2
.
4 ,
ΔU . , , .
97
5.4.2
.
- 50,
160 0 [] δ = 0,3%.
.
δ = 0,05% ( ).
.
. . . :
σ(δ ) = δ = 0,3 / 3 = 0,1%,
k
k - , (
= 0,997, k = 3).
σ(δ ) = δ = 0,05 / 3 = 0,03%.
k
σ(δ ) .
( ).
,
.
,
. I
R5 ( . .5.3.2)
. 0,1%
.
, '
.
, :
98
δ = δ 2 +δ 2 +δ 2 +δ 2
R6 R7 R8 R9 , (5.67)
δR6 - δR9 -
' R6 - R9 ( 5.3).
δR6 - δR9 0,05% , :
δ = 0,052 +0,052 +0,052 +0,052 = 0,1%.
, .
,
.
[]:
δ δ
β = ⋅100 % ,
1 + β (5.68)
δ - ,
- ,
β - ' .
δ = 1. AD712 = 106. β
,
25:
β = 1 / = 1/25 = 0,04.
δ β:
δ β = 1
6 ⋅100 % = 2,5⋅10-3%,
1 + 10 ⋅0,04
,
AD712AP ΔU
10 . , ,
:
γ = (ΔU / I ⋅Rt max)⋅100% = (10⋅10-6 / 10-3⋅84,235) ⋅100% = 1,25⋅10-2%.
:
γ = 2γ = 2 · 1,25⋅10-2 = 2,5⋅10-2%.
99
.
, U
:
γ = ∂U ⋅ Δ / U max ⋅100 %, (5.69)
∂
∂U /∂ - U (0,5 μV / 0 AD712AP),
Δ - .
Δ = 250.
γ = 0,5 ⋅10−6 ⋅ 25
−3 ⋅100 % = 1,5⋅10-2%
84,235 ⋅10
- , .
,
[]:
γ = i ⋅ R t
i ⋅ 100 %
U , (5.70)
i - ( );
U - (U = 84,235 );
Rt - ( Rt 84,235 ).
i = 1 nA AD712AP [].
1 ⋅ 10 − 9
γ = ⋅ 84 ,235
i − 3 ⋅ 100 % = 10 − 4%
84 ,235 ⋅ 10 .
.
,
' .
, .
(5.68):
100
OPA 291AP = 105. β 1 ( . .
1).
δ β I:
δ β 1 = 1
5 ⋅100 % = 10-3%,
1 + 10 ⋅1
δ β 2:
δ β 2 = 1 ⋅100 % = 10-3%.
1 + 105 ⋅1
,
δ β :
δ β = δ β 1 + δ β 2 = 10-3 + 10-3 = 2⋅10-3%.
.
, .
OPA 291 ΔU 250 .
, , :
γ 1 = (ΔU / U max)⋅100% = (250⋅10-6 / 2,5)⋅100% = 10-2%.
, 1,
γ 2=γ 1 = 10-2%.
.
, .
[]:
γ = i ⋅ R
i ⋅ 100 %
U , (5.71)
i - ( );
R - .
i = 150 291 []. , R = R1 + R2 =
102 +102 = 204 ( .5.3.3) :
101
1 ,5 ⋅ 10 − 10
γ = ⋅ 204 ⋅ 10 3
− 3
i ⋅ 100 % = 1 ,2 ⋅ 10 %
2 ,5 .
.
5.4.3
. 0,1%,
δ = 0,1%.
,
.
, '
.
, :
δ = δ 2
R1 +δ 2
R2 +δ 2 +δ 2
R3 R4 , (5.72)
δR1 - δR4 -
' R1 - R4 ( 5.3.2).
δR1 - δR4 0,1% , :
δ = 0,12 +0,12 +0,12 +0,12 = 0,2%.
, .
,
.
(5.68):
δ = 1. OPA 491 = 105. β
, . 1:
102
β1 = β2 = β3 = 1 / 1 = 1/1 = 1.
δ βI:
δ β1 = 1
5 ⋅100 % = 10-3%,
1 + 10 ⋅1
δ β2 δ β3:
δ = δ = 1
β2 β3 ⋅100 % = 10-3%,
1+ 105 ⋅1
:
δ β = 3δ β1 = 3⋅ 10-3%.
,
OPA 491 ΔU
1 . , ,
:
γ = (ΔU / Imax⋅R )⋅100% = (0,15⋅10-3 / 20⋅10-3⋅120) ⋅100% = 6,6⋅10-3%.
:
γ = 3γ = 3 · 6,6⋅10-3 = 2⋅10-2%.
.
, U
(5.68).
Δ = 25 0.
γ = 5 ⋅10−6 ⋅ 25 ⋅100 % = 5⋅10-3%
2,4
- .
,
:
i ⋅ R
γ i = ⋅ 100 % , (5.73)
103
i - ( );
U - ;
R - (
120 ).
i = 150 pA 491 [].
γ = 1 ,5 ⋅ 10 − 10 ⋅ 120 ⋅ 100 % = 7 ,5 ⋅ 10 − 6
i %
2 ,4 .
.
5.4.4
, .
C8051F005 0,025% [].
.
.
±3
, 0,025%.
. .
.
δ []:
1
δ = ⋅ 100 %
2 N ,
N- (N = 12).
:
δ = 1
12 ⋅100 % = 0,025%.
2
,
104
5.5
.
,
.
:
• (
),
( ).
• ( )
,
.
:
- ' ,
1/3
0,1 -
6,0 m / s;
- 4100 / 3, 500 V, .1,0;
- 3-64, 0-150 MHz, ± 0,01%;
- 13646: 0 ... 100 ° ,
± 0,05 ° ; 100 ... 200° , ± 0,5 ° ;
- TC-150, - 40 150 ° ,
± 0,06%;
- 110PIC, 0,01 ... 2,5 Pa,
± 0,05%;
105
- 10.16-00.00 ,
0,1 12 m / s, ± 0,3%;
- 6521-72, 0,1 2,5 Pa, . 0,4;
, ,
, .
.
:
- 5 40 ° ;
- ( ) 5 80 ° ;
- 30 80%;
- 86,0 106,7 Pa;
- 187 242 V;
- 49,5 50,5 Hz.
:
- ;
-
;
, ,
.
.
106
,
,
.
.
(500 ± 50) V.
.
10 .
.
.
,
.
, '
' ( ),
.
( )
.
( )
.
.
, .
.
107
( )
( ) .
.
, .
( ) ( )
. ,
.
' ( ) '
( ) .
' ( )
' ( ) .
.
, ,
.
-
0,02⋅Qmax, 0,05⋅ Qmax, 0,5⋅ Qmax ( ±10%).
.
V ( m ) ' Qvo (
Qm ) , , V ( m )
( ' Qv ( Qm ) ), .
' Vo
' ,
. Qv :
Qvo = Vo / T , , (5.74)
Qv - , m3 / h;
Vo - , , m3;
- , h.
108
' (80 ± 5) ° ,
, (1,6 ±0,16) Pa, .
98-86 « .
0 ... 800° 0,001 ... 1000 Pa »
. :
m = Vo⋅ ρ , (5.75)
: m - , kg;
ρ - , kg / m3.
Qm :
Qm = m / , (5.76)
V
:
Vo = Qv ⋅ T , (5.77)
Qvo - 300 s ,
, m3 / h.
,
.
. V ,
, :
V = N⋅ Kp1, (5.78)
: N - , ;
Kp1 - , m3 / imp (
).
' Qv (m3 / h) [ Qm (kg / h)] ,
:
Qv (Qm ) = V (m ) / T (5.79)
' :
109
δ Vu − V0
mc v = ⋅ 100 %
V (5.80)
0
:
δ mu − m0
mc m= ⋅ 100 %
m (5.81)
0
'
:
δ Qv u − Q
= v0
mc qv ⋅ 100 %
Q (5.82)
v0
:
Qm u − Q
δ m0
mc qm = ⋅ 100 %
Q (5.83)
m0
,
' ( ), ' ( )
± 3,0% ± 2,0%
.
.
( ),
.
30 ± 1 ° C, 70 ± 2 ° C, 130 ±5 ° C.
, -
( RS - ).
t , -
t . t
:
110
tu 1i + t
t = u 2i + tu 3i
u cpi , (5.84)
3
: t 1i, t 2i, t 3i - i- , ° C;
t I - i- , ° C.
:
Δ t mc ti = tu cpi − t oi , (5.85)
Δt ti - i- , 0C;
t i - i- ,
, ° C.
,
, .
.
,
.
0,25⋅ max, 0,5⋅ max, 0,9⋅ max, max - .
( RS ). ±10%.
,
- .
:
Pu 1i + P
P = u 2i + Pu 3i
u cpi , (5.86)
3
: 1i, 2i, 3i - i- , Pa;
I - i- , Pa.
:
111
P
δ = u cpi − P0i
mc pi ⋅100% ,
P (5.87)
0
σ i - i-
,%;
u I - i- , Pa;
- , P ;
I - i- ,
, P .
,
, .
, ,
,
.
.
.
112
,
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
.
,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
, .
.
.
,
( ,
113
).
. .
,
( ,
).
SolidWorks
. ,
.
. ,
, .
( )
. .
.
, : ,
, , , '
,
.
,
, , ,
.
,
- , RS-485
.
114
1. ., ., . :
. . : , 2021. 360 .
2. . ., . .
. . 2022. 1 (87). . 14–19.
3.
/ . . . . 2023.
4. . 110–116.
4.
/ . . . . 2021. 2 (36). . 45–51.
5.
/ . . . . 2020. 5. . 33–
40.
6.
/ . . . . 2024. 1 (176).
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7.
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89–95.
8. : . . / . .
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. . 2023. . 84. . 25–31.
10. '
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11.
/ . . . . . . . 2024. 1. .
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